Self-Adaptive Control System for Additive Manufacturing Using Double Electrode Micro Plasma Arc Welding

Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)has been investigated to deposit large-scale metal parts due to its high deposition efficiency and low material cost.However,in the process of automatically manufacturing the high-quality metal parts by WAAM,several problems about the heat build-up,the deposit-path optimization,and the stability of the process parameters need to be well addressed.To overcome these issues,a new WAAM method based on the double electrode micro plasma arc welding(DE-MPAW)was designed.The circuit principles of different metal-transfer models in the DE-MPAW deposition process were analyzed theoretically.The effects between the parameters,wire feed rate and torch stand-off distance,in the process of WAAM were investigated experimentally.In addition,a real-time DE-MPAW control system was developed to optimize and stabilize the deposition process by self-adaptively changing the wire feed rate and torch stand-off distance.Finally,a series of tests were performed to evaluate the con-trol system's performance.The results show that the capability against interferences in the process of WAAM has been enhanced by this self-adaptive adjustment system.Further,the deposition paths about the metal part's layer heights in WAAM are simplified.Finally,the appearance of the WAAM-deposited metal layers is also improved with the use of the control system.     

Double-layer fuzzy adaptive NMPC coordinated control method of energy management and trajectory tracking for hybrid electric fixed wing UAVs

The energy management and trajectory tracking control are crucial to realize long-endurance autonomous flight for hybrid electric UAVs. This study aims to comprehensively consider energy management and trajectory tracking for hybrid electric fixed wing UAVs with photovoltaic panel/fuel cell/battery. A double-layer fuzzy adaptive nonlinear model predictive control method (DFNMPC) is proposed. Separated by the surplus demand power, energy management and trajectory tracking problem are decoupled into the high-layer fuzzy adaptive nonlinear model predictive controll problem (H-FNMPC) and low-layer fuzzy adaptive nonlinear model predictive controll problem (L-FNMPC). H-FNMPC solves the trajectory tracking and navigation control probelm for the greatest benefit of solar energy. L-FNMPC solves the power allocation problem of hybrid energy system for minimum equivalent hydrogen consumption. A fuzzy adaptive prediction horizon adjustment method based on UAV maneuvering degree is proposed to effectively improve proposed method adaptability to different mission profiles. Analogously, a fuzzy adaptive equivalent hydrogen consumption factor adjustment method in L-FNMPC is proposed to ensure the flexible utilization of battery. In addition, an equivalent hydrogen flow rate calculation method based on the real-time current ratio is proposed for PV/FC/Battery hybrid energy system. Numerical simulation results including a spiral trajectory tracking and a quadrilateral trajectory tracking, demonstrate that DFNMPC can simultaneously handle energy management and trajectory tracking problem for hybrid electric UAVs. Compared to hierarchical fuzzy state machine strategy, DFNMPC can save 13.3% hydrogen for the spiral trajectory tracking, and 56.9% for the quadrilateral trajectory tracking. It indicates that the energy efficiency can be improved from both levels of energy management and flight motion. The proposed method prospected for exploring high-energy-efficiency autonomous flight of hybrid electric UAVs in the future.     

悬浮法PVC树脂粒径的影响因素

讨论了悬浮法PVC树脂生产过程中影响树脂粒径的主要因素,有针对性地从聚合釜搅拌、反应配方、体系氧含量、pH值、聚合温度和转化率等方面提出了粒径的控制方案。     

A computer aided design method for car form and its application based on shape parameters

In the early design stage, automotive modeling should both meet the requirements of aesthetics and engineering. Therefore, a vehicle CAD (computer aided design) model that can be easily adjusted by feedbacks is necessary. Based on CE-Bézier surface, this paper presents a set of algorithms for parametric segmentation and fairing surface generation in a car model. This model is defined by a simplified automotive template and relevant control points, shape parameters and segmentation parameters, which can be modified to alter the car form efficiently. With this model and the corresponding adjustment method, more than fifty various vehicle models are established in this research according to different parameters. And two methods for calculating similarity index between car models are constructed, which are suitable for brand design trend analysis and modelling design decisionmaking.     

跨坐式单轨车辆辅助导向装置的输出特性

单轨车辆的走行部径向通过曲线时可以减小走行轮的磨耗和导向轮的载荷。以跨坐式单轨车辆辅助导向装置的几何关系和油气弹簧的力学特性为出发点，推导辅助导向装置产生力矩与转向架和车体之间摇头角度的解析关系。建立有辅助导向装置时车辆稳态曲线通过的力学模型，分析辅助导向装置能够使转向架在圆曲线上处于径向位置的条件，并利用多刚体动力学软件建立跨坐式单轨车辆的稳态曲线通过验证模型。通过理论分析和模型仿真计算发现，当合理油压弹簧预压力选择合适的数值时，辅助导向装置的输出力矩与二系悬挂的回转力矩相互抵消，走行部的摇头角接近零，能够使转向架在圆曲线上处于径向位置，并有效缓解走行轮与导向轮的磨耗。     

摆杆式导叶调节机构的设计与研究

为促进变几何涡轮在航空发动机中的广泛应用,提高变几何涡轮的工作效率,设计了一种用于变几何涡轮的摆杆式导叶调节机构。采用Adams软件对导叶调节机构进行了运动学仿真研究,仿真结果验证了调节机构设计的可行性,通过仿真发现这样的导叶调节机构至少需采用3个作动筒同时驱动才能保证涡轮调节的精度要求。在Adams中对机构进行了参数化建模,利用参数化模型分析了尺寸误差和间隙对导叶转动精度的影响,并且以前十次仿真为例计算了调节机构导叶角度重复位置精度的可靠度。研究结果表明设计的导叶调节机构结构合理、可靠性高。     

弯板式斜度机械调整卡具结构设计

机械压力机的飞轮、支撑套及圆盘类等零件在钻床、龙门铣床进行垂直、斜孔或面精密加工时,需要直立或倾斜固定于机床工作台或地平台基面,人工操作用时长,效率低,工人劳动强度大,零件倾斜角度调整定位精度较低,加工零件质量差,通过本文设计的这种弯板式斜度机械调整卡具装置可有效解决这类问题,达到零件进行垂直、斜孔或面精密加工的特殊要求。     

A volume element model (VEM) for energy systems engineering

This work presents a simplified modeling and simulation approach for energy systems engineering that is capable of providing quick and accurate responses during system design. For that, the laws of conservation are combined with available empirical and theoretical correlations to quantify the diverse types of flows that cross the system and produce a simplified tridimensional mathematical model, namely a volume element model (VEM). The physical domain of interest is discretized in space, thus producing a system of algebraic and ODEs with respect to time, whose solution delivers the project variables spatial distribution and dynamic response. In order to illustrate the application of the VEM in energy systems engineering, three example problems are considered: (i) a regenerative heat exchanger; (ii) a power electronic building block (PEBB); and (iii) a notional all‐electric ship. The same mathematical model was used to analyze problems (ii) and (iii), that is, the thermal management of heat‐generating equipment packaging. In the examples, the converged mesh had a total of 20, 2000, and 7725 volume elements. The third problem led to the largest simulation, which for steady‐state cases took between 5 and 10 min of computational time to reach convergence and for the ship dynamic response 50 min (i.e., 80,000 s of real time). The regenerative heat exchanger model demonstrated how VEM allowed for the coexistence of different phases (subsystems) within the same volume element. The thermal management model was adjusted and experimentally validated for the PEBB system, and it was possible to perform a parametric and dynamic analysis of the PEBB and of the notional all‐electric ship. Therefore, because of the observed combination of accuracy and low computational time, it is expected that the model could be used as an efficient tool for design, control, and optimization in energy systems engineering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汽轮机运行调节方式优化策略探析

分析了汽轮机的喷嘴调节、节流调节、旁通调节、定压调节和滑压调节等几种基本调节方式的特点,指出现役燃煤火电机组多因调节方式单一而普遍存在着调峰能力不足、负荷响应迟缓以及因长期偏离设计工况致使运行安全经济性下降等诸多问题,提出了通过调节方式的优化组合,采用(节流)定压-滑压-(喷嘴)定压-旁通调节的复合调节方式,以实现煤电机组安全、经济、灵活、快速地参与电网的深度调峰,破解具有强随机波动性的新能源电量规模化并网的困境。     

Polymer electrolytes and interfaces in solid-state lithium metal batteries

The polymer electrolyte based solid-state lithium metal batteries are the promising candidate for the high-energy electrochemical energy storage with high safety and stability. Moreover, the intrinsic properties of polymer electrolytes and interface contact between electrolyte and electrodes have played critical roles for determining the comprehensive performances of solid-state lithium metal batteries. In this review, the development of polymer electrolytes with the design strategies by functional units adjustments are firstly discussed. Then the interfaces between polymer electrolyte and cathode/anode, including the interface issues, remedy strategies for stabilizing the interface contact and reducing resistances, and the in-situ polymerization method for enhancing the compatibilities and assembling the batteries with favorable performances, have been introduced. Lastly, the perspectives on developing polymer electrolytes by functional units adjustment, and improving interface contact and stability by effective strategies for solid-state lithium metal batteries have been provided.